安装Solidity编译器

版本

Solidity的版本遵循 语义化版本原则， 此外，带有主版本0（即0.x.y）的补丁级版本将不会包含破坏性的变化。这意味着用0.x.y版本编译的代码可在0.x.z版本中编译，其中z>y。

作为发布版本的补充， 每日开发构建 （nightly development builds）也是可用的。这个每日开发构建不保证能正常工作，尽管尽了最大的努力，但仍可能包含未记录的和／或重大的改动。我们推荐使用最新的发布版本。下面的包安装程序将使用最新发布(release)版本。 这是因为我们会定期引入突破性的更新，带来新的功能和修复错误。我们目前使用0.x版本号 来表示这种快速变化的速度 。

Remix

我们推荐使用 Remix 来开发简单合约和快速学习 Solidity。

Remix 可在线使用，而无需安装任何东西。如果你想离线使用，可按 https://github.com/ethereum/remix-live/tree/gh-pages 的页面说明下载 .zip 文件来使用。 该页面有进一步详细说明如何安装 Solidity 命令行编译器到你计算机上。如果你刚好要处理大型合约，或者需要更多的编译选项，那么你应该选择使用命令行编译器 solc。

译者注：Remix 还有一个 Remix-ide 本地版本。

npm / Node.js

使用 npm 可以便捷地安装Solidity编译器solcjs。但该 solcjs 程序的功能相对于本页下面的所有其他选项都要少。在 使用命令行编译器 一章中，我们假定你使用的是完整功能的编译器。 所以，如果你是从 npm 安装 solcjs ，就此打住，直接跳到 solc-js 去了解。

注意: solc-js 项目是利用 Emscripten 从 C++ 版的 solc 跨平台编译为 JavaScript 的，因此，可在 JavaScript 项目中使用 solcjs（如同 Remix）。 具体介绍请参考 solc-js 代码库。

npm install -g solc

注解

在命令行中，可执行文件命名为 solcjs 。

solcjs 的命令行选项与 solc 和一些工具（如 geth )是不兼容的，因此不要期望 solcjs solc 完全一样。

Docker

Docker images of Solidity builds are available using the solc image from the ethereum organisation. Use the stable tag for the latest released version, and nightly for potentially unstable changes in the develop branch.

The Docker image runs the compiler executable, so you can pass all compiler arguments to it. For example, the command below pulls the stable version of the solc image (if you do not have it already), and runs it in a new container, passing the --help argument.

docker run ethereum/solc:stable --help

You can also specify release build versions in the tag, for example, for the 0.5.4 release.

docker run ethereum/solc:0.5.4 --help

To use the Docker image to compile Solidity files on the host machine mount a local folder for input and output, and specify the contract to compile. For example.

docker run -v /local/path:/sources ethereum/solc:stable -o /sources/output --abi --bin /sources/Contract.sol

You can also use the standard JSON interface (which is recommended when using the compiler with tooling). When using this interface it is not necessary to mount any directories as long as the JSON input is self-contained (i.e. it does not refer to any external files that would have to be loaded by the import callback).

docker run ethereum/solc:stable --standard-json < input.json > output.json

Linux 包

可在 solidity/releases 下载 Solidity 的二进制安装包。

对于 Ubuntu ，我们也提供 PPAs 。通过以下命令，可获取最新的稳定版本：

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ethereum/ethereum
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install solc

当然，你也可安装尝鲜的开发者版本：

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ethereum/ethereum
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ethereum/ethereum-dev
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install solc

Furthermore, some Linux distributions provide their own packages. These packages are not directly maintained by us, but usually kept up-to-date by the respective package maintainers.

For example, Arch Linux has packages for the latest development version:

pacman -S solidity

也提供在 所有支持的Linux版本 下可安装的 snap package （不过当前未维护）。通过以下命令，可获取最新的稳定版本：

sudo snap install solc

或者，如果你想测试 develop 分支下的最新变更，可通过如下方式安装开发者版本：

sudo snap install solc --edge

注解

The solc snap uses strict confinement. This is the most secure mode for snap packages but it comes with limitations, like accessing only the files in your /home and /media directories. For more information, go to Demystifying Snap Confinement.

macOS Packages

我们通过 Homebrew 从源码构建Solidity 编译器，预构建的bottles暂时还不支持。

brew update
brew upgrade
brew tap ethereum/ethereum
brew install solidity

如果你需要特定版本的 Solidity ，你需要从 Github 上安装一个 Homebrew formula。 你可查阅 solidity.rb 在 Github的提交记录 的提交记录，去寻找包含 solidity.rb 文件改动的特殊提交。然后使用 brew 进行安装：

复制提交记录的你想要安装版本的提交记录 Hash ，下载（checkout）到本地。

git clone https://github.com/ethereum/homebrew-ethereum.git
cd homebrew-ethereum
git checkout <提交记录 hash>

使用 brew 安装:

brew unlink solidity
# 例如安装 0.4.8
brew install solidity.rb

冻结的二进制版本

We maintain a repository containing static builds of past and current compiler versions for all supported platforms at solc-bin. This is also the location where you can find the nightly builds.

The repository is not only a quick and easy way for end users to get binaries ready to be used out-of-the-box but it is also meant to be friendly to third-party tools:

• The content is mirrored to https://binaries.soliditylang.org where it can be easily downloaded over HTTPS without any authentication, rate limiting or the need to use git.
• Content is served with correct Content-Type headers and lenient CORS configuration so that it can be directly loaded by tools running in the browser.
• Binaries do not require installation or unpacking (with the exception of older Windows builds bundled with necessary DLLs).
• We strive for a high level of backwards-compatibility. Files, once added, are not removed or moved without providing a symlink/redirect at the old location. They are also never modified in place and should always match the original checksum. The only exception would be broken or unusable files with a potential to cause more harm than good if left as is.
• Files are served over both HTTP and HTTPS. As long as you obtain the file list in a secure way (via git, HTTPS, IPFS or just have it cached locally) and verify hashes of the binaries after downloading them, you do not have to use HTTPS for the binaries themselves.

The same binaries are in most cases available on the Solidity release page on Github. The difference is that we do not generally update old releases on the Github release page. This means that we do not rename them if the naming convention changes and we do not add builds for platforms that were not supported at the time of release. This only happens in solc-bin.

The solc-bin repository contains several top-level directories, each representing a single platform. Each one contains a list.json file listing the available binaries. For example in emscripten-wasm32/list.json you will find the following information about version 0.7.4:

{
  "path": "solc-emscripten-wasm32-v0.7.4+commit.3f05b770.js",
  "version": "0.7.4",
  "build": "commit.3f05b770",
  "longVersion": "0.7.4+commit.3f05b770",
  "keccak256": "0x300330ecd127756b824aa13e843cb1f43c473cb22eaf3750d5fb9c99279af8c3",
  "sha256": "0x2b55ed5fec4d9625b6c7b3ab1abd2b7fb7dd2a9c68543bf0323db2c7e2d55af2",
  "urls": [
    "bzzr://16c5f09109c793db99fe35f037c6092b061bd39260ee7a677c8a97f18c955ab1",
    "dweb:/ipfs/QmTLs5MuLEWXQkths41HiACoXDiH8zxyqBHGFDRSzVE5CS"
  ]
}

This means that:

• You can find the binary in the same directory under the name solc-emscripten-wasm32-v0.7.4+commit.3f05b770.js. Note that the file might be a symlink, and you will need to resolve it yourself if you are not using git to download it or your file system does not support symlinks.
• The binary is also mirrored at https://binaries.soliditylang.org/emscripten-wasm32/solc-emscripten-wasm32-v0.7.4+commit.3f05b770.js. In this case git is not necessary and symlinks are resolved transparently, either by serving a copy of the file or returning a HTTP redirect.
• The file is also available on IPFS at QmTLs5MuLEWXQkths41HiACoXDiH8zxyqBHGFDRSzVE5CS.
• The file might in future be available on Swarm at 16c5f09109c793db99fe35f037c6092b061bd39260ee7a677c8a97f18c955ab1.
• You can verify the integrity of the binary by comparing its keccak256 hash to 0x300330ecd127756b824aa13e843cb1f43c473cb22eaf3750d5fb9c99279af8c3. The hash can be computed on the command line using keccak256sum utility provided by sha3sum or keccak256() function from ethereumjs-util in JavaScript.
• You can also verify the integrity of the binary by comparing its sha256 hash to 0x2b55ed5fec4d9625b6c7b3ab1abd2b7fb7dd2a9c68543bf0323db2c7e2d55af2.

警告

Due to the strong backwards compatibility requirement the repository contains some legacy elements but you should avoid using them when writing new tools:

• Use emscripten-wasm32/ (with a fallback to emscripten-asmjs/) instead of bin/ if you want the best performance. Until version 0.6.1 we only provided asm.js binaries. Starting with 0.6.2 we switched to WebAssembly builds with much better performance. We have rebuilt the older versions for wasm but the original asm.js files remain in bin/. The new ones had to be placed in a separate directory to avoid name clashes.
• Use emscripten-asmjs/ and emscripten-wasm32/ instead of bin/ and wasm/ directories if you want to be sure whether you are downloading a wasm or an asm.js binary.
• Use list.json instead of list.js and list.txt. The JSON list format contains all the information from the old ones and more.
• Use https://binaries.soliditylang.org instead of https://solc-bin.ethereum.org. To keep things simple we moved almost everything related to the compiler under the new soliditylang.org domain and this applies to solc-bin too. While the new domain is recommended, the old one is still fully supported and guaranteed to point at the same location.

警告

The binaries are also available at https://ethereum.github.io/solc-bin/ but this page stopped being updated just after the release of version 0.7.2, will not receive any new releases or nightly builds for any platform and does not serve the new directory structure, including non-emscripten builds.

If you are using it, please switch to https://binaries.soliditylang.org, which is a drop-in replacement. This allows us to make changes to the underlying hosting in a transparent way and minimize disruption. Unlike the ethereum.github.io domain, which we do not have any control over, binaries.soliditylang.org is guaranteed to work and maintain the same URL structure in the long-term.

从源代码编译

预先安装环境 - 所有平台

以下是所有编译Solidity的依赖关系:

软件	备注
CMake (version 3.13+)	Cross-platform build file generator.
Boost (version 1.77+ on Windows, 1.65+ otherwise)	C++ libraries.
Git	获取源代码的命令行工具
z3 (version 4.8+, Optional)	For use with SMT checker.
cvc4 (Optional)	For use with SMT checker.

注解

Solidity versions prior to 0.5.10 can fail to correctly link against Boost versions 1.70+. A possible workaround is to temporarily rename <Boost install path>/lib/cmake/Boost-1.70.0 prior to running the cmake command to configure solidity.

Starting from 0.5.10 linking against Boost 1.70+ should work without manual intervention.

注解

The default build configuration requires a specific Z3 version (the latest one at the time the code was last updated). Changes introduced between Z3 releases often result in slightly different (but still valid) results being returned. Our SMT tests do not account for these differences and will likely fail with a different version than the one they were written for. This does not mean that a build using a different version is faulty. If you pass -DSTRICT_Z3_VERSION=OFF option to CMake, you can build with any version that satisfies the requirement given in the table above. If you do this, however, please remember to pass the --no-smt option to scripts/tests.sh to skip the SMT tests.

注解

By default the build is performed in pedantic mode, which enables extra warnings and tells the compiler to treat all warnings as errors. This forces developers to fix warnings as they arise, so they do not accumulate “to be fixed later”. If you are only interested in creating a release build and do not intend to modify the source code to deal with such warnings, you can pass -DPEDANTIC=OFF option to CMake to disable this mode. Doing this is not recommended for general use but may be necessary when using a toolchain we are not testing with or trying to build an older version with newer tools. If you encounter such warnings, please consider reporting them.

最低的编译器版本

The following C++ compilers and their minimum versions can build the Solidity codebase:

• GCC, version 8+
• Clang, version 7+
• MSVC, version 2019+

环境依赖条件 - macOS

在 macOS 中，需确保有安装最新版的 Xcode， Xcode 包含 Clang C++ 编译器， 而 Xcode IDE 和其他苹果 OS X 下编译 C++ 应用所必须的开发工具。 如果你是第一次安装 Xcode 或者刚好更新了 Xcode 新版本，则在使用命令行构建前，需同意 Xcode 的使用协议：

sudo xcodebuild -license accept

Solidity 在 OS X 下构建，必须 安装 Homebrew 包管理器来安装依赖。 如果你想从头开始，这里是 卸载 Homebrew 的方法。

环境依赖条件 - Windows

在Windows下构建Solidity，需下载的依赖软件包：

软件	备注
Visual Studio 2019 Build Tools	C++ 编译器
Visual Studio 2019 (Optional)	C++ 编译器和开发环境
Boost (version 1.77+)	C++ libraries.

如果你已经有了 IDE，仅需要编译器和相关的库，你可以安装 Visual Studio 2019 Build Tools。

Visual Studio 2019 提供了 IDE 以及必要的编译器和库。所以如果你还没有一个 IDE 并且想要开发 Solidity，那么 Visual Studio 2019 将是一个可以使你获得所有工具的简单选择。

这里是一个在 Visual Studio 2019 Build Tools 或 Visual Studio 2019 中应该安装的组件列表：

• Visual Studio C++ core features
• VC++ 2019 v141 toolset (x86,x64)
• Windows Universal CRT SDK
• Windows 8.1 SDK
• C++/CLI support

有一个脚本可以“一键”安装所需的外部依赖库:

scripts\install_deps.ps1

命令将在 deps 子目录中安装 boost 和 cmake

克隆代码库

执行以下命令，克隆源代码：

git clone --recursive https://github.com/ethereum/solidity.git
cd solidity

如果你想参与 Solidity 的开发, 你可分叉 Solidity 源码库后，用你个人的分叉库作为第二远程源：

git remote add personal git@github.com:[username]/solidity.git

注解

This method will result in a prerelease build leading to e.g. a flag being set in each bytecode produced by such a compiler. If you want to re-build a released Solidity compiler, then please use the source tarball on the github release page:

https://github.com/ethereum/solidity/releases/download/v0.X.Y/solidity_0.X.Y.tar.gz

(not the “Source code” provided by github).

Solidity 有 Git 子模块，需确保完全加载它们：

git submodule update --init --recursive

命令行构建

确保你已安装外部依赖（见上面）

Solidity 使用 CMake 来配置构建。你也许想要安装 ccache 来加速重复构建，CMake自动进行这个工作。 Linux、macOS 和其他 Unix系统上的构建方式都差不多：

mkdir build
cd build
cmake .. && make

也有更简单的：

#note: 将安装 solc 和 soltest 到 usr/local/bin 目录
./scripts/build.sh

对于 Windows 执行：

mkdir build
cd build
cmake -G "Visual Studio 16 2019" ..

如果你想执行 scripts\install_deps.ps1 时使用你安装过的boost版本，可以添加参数 -DBoost_DIR="deps\boost\lib\cmake\Boost-*" 和 -DCMAKE_MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY=MultiThreaded 去调用 cmake.

这组指令的最后一句，会在 build 目录下创建一个 solidity.sln 文件，双击后，默认会使用 Visual Studio 打开。我们建议在VS上创建 RelWithDebugInfo 配置文件。

或者用命令创建：

cmake --build . --config RelWithDebInfo

CMake参数

如果你对 CMake 命令选项有兴趣，可执行 cmake .. -LH 进行查看。

SMT Solvers

Solidity can be built against SMT solvers and will do so by default if they are found in the system. Each solver can be disabled by a cmake option.

Note: In some cases, this can also be a potential workaround for build failures.

Inside the build folder you can disable them, since they are enabled by default:

# disables only Z3 SMT Solver.
cmake .. -DUSE_Z3=OFF

# disables only CVC4 SMT Solver.
cmake .. -DUSE_CVC4=OFF

# disables both Z3 and CVC4
cmake .. -DUSE_CVC4=OFF -DUSE_Z3=OFF

版本号字符串详解

Solidity 版本名包含四部分：

• 版本号
• 预发布版本号，通常为 develop.YYYY.MM.DD 或者 nightly.YYYY.MM.DD
• 以 commit.GITHASH 格式展示的提交号
• 由若干条平台、编译器详细信息构成的平台标识

如果本地有修改，则 commit 部分有后缀 .mod。

这些部分按照 SemVer 的要求来组合， Solidity 预发布版本号等价于 SemVer 预发布版本号， Solidity 提交号和平台标识则组成 SemVer 的构建元数据。

发行版样例：0.4.8+commit.60cc1668.Emscripten.clang .

预发布版样例： 0.4.9-nightly.2017.1.17+commit.6ecb4aa3.Emscripten.clang

版本信息详情

在release版本发布之后，补丁版本号会增加，因为我们假定只有补丁级别的变更会在之后发生。当变更被合并后，版本应该根据 SemVer 和变更的剧烈程度进行调整。最后，发行版本总是与当前每日构建版本的版本号一致，但没有 prerelease 指示符。

例如：

1. 0.4.0 release 版本发布。
2. 从 0.4.1 版本开始，构建 nightly 版本。
3. 没有引入破坏性变更 —— 不改变版本号。
4. 引入破坏性变更 —— 版本跳跃到 0.5.0
5. 0.5.0 release版本发布

该方式与 version pragma 一起运行良好。