安装
This page will guide you through the steps needed to prepare a computer for Substrate development. As Substrate is built with the Rust programming language, the first thing you will need to do is prepare the development enviroment, these steps will vary based on the computer's operating system. You can utilize helpful utilities from the Rust toolchain to configure the Rust development environment.
Unix-Based Operating Systems
Substrate development is optimized for Unix-based operating systems like macOS or Linux. The examples in the Substrate Tutorials and Recipes use the terminal to demonstrate how to interact with Substrate from the command line.
macOS
Open the Terminal application and execute the following commands:
# Install Homebrew if necessary https://brew.sh/
/bin/bash -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install.sh)"
# Make sure Homebrew is up-to-date and install some dependencies
brew update
brew install openssl cmake
Ubuntu/Debian
Use your favorite terminal shell to execute the following commands:
sudo apt update
# May prompt for location information
sudo apt install -y cmake pkg-config libssl-dev git build-essential clang libclang-dev curl
Arch Linux
Run these commands from a terminal:
pacman -Syu --needed --noconfirm cmake gcc openssl-1.0 pkgconf git clang
export OPENSSL_LIB_DIR="/usr/lib/openssl-1.0"
export OPENSSL_INCLUDE_DIR="/usr/include/openssl-1.0"
Windows
Please refer to the separate guide for Windows users.
Rust Developer Environment
This guide uses rustup to help manage the Rust toolchain. First install and
configure rustup:
# Install
curl https://sh.rustup.rs -sSf | sh
# Add the rust compiler and other tools to your PATH.
# Make sure to add this to your shell startup script, too.
source ~/.cargo/env
Configure the Rust toolchain to default to the latest stable version:
rustup default stable
WebAssembly Compilation
Substrate uses WebAssembly (Wasm) to produce portable blockchain
runtimes. You will need to configure your Rust compiler to use
nightly builds to allow
compiled substrate compatible runtimes to Wasm.
Rust Nightly Toolchain
Because the nightly toolchain is a moving target and receives daily changes the chance that some of them break the substrate build from time to time is non-negligible.
Therefore it is advised to use a fixed nightly version rather than the latest one to build the runtime. You can install a specific version using this command:
rustup install nightly-<yyyy-MM-dd>
NOTE Due to a regression in the rust compiler, using the newest rust nightly for compiling the runtime will result in compilation errors. Therefore, it is advised to use the following version until this issue is resolved:
rustup install nightly-2020-10-06
Wasm Toolchain
Now, configure the choosen nightly version to work with the Wasm compilation target:
rustup target add wasm32-unknown-unknown --toolchain nightly-<yyyy-MM-dd>
Specifying Nightly Version
When a Substrate based project builds its included runtime it picks the latest
installed nightly version by default. If the nightly version is incompatible
you can override that decision by setting the WASM_BUILD_TOOLCHAIN environment variable
when building the project by using the following command:
WASM_BUILD_TOOLCHAIN=nightly-<yyyy-MM-dd> cargo build
Note that this builds only the runtime with the specified toolchain. The rest of project will be compiled with your default toolchain, which is usually the latest installed stable toolchain.
Latest Nightly
If you want to build the runtime with the latest nightly compiler which should generally be
possible you can install the unspecific nightly toolchain:
rustup install nightly
rustup target add wasm32-unknown-unknown --toolchain nightly
This toolchain is not tied to a specific version and will be updated just as the
stable toolchain:
rustup update
Tips
It may be necessary to occasionally rerun rustup update if a change in the upstream Substrate
codebase depends on the most recent version of the Rust compiler.
Test Your Set-Up
The best way to ensure that you have successfully prepared a computer for Substrate development is to follow the steps in our first tutorial, Create Your First Substrate Chain.
Build with Nix shell
Nix is a package manager for many different types of projects, including those based on Rust. Using Nix makes developers confident that the compilation output of their substrate-based projects is reliable and reproducible. Find more benefits on the [Nix website] (https://nixos.org/).
Steps to use Nix shell
Install Nix
Run the following command on a Unix based operating system:
sh <(curl -L https://nixos.org/nix/install) --daemon
Verify that Nix was properly installed
nix-env --version
You should see an output like: nix-env (Nix) 2.3.7.
How to use
If you are using substrate or substrate-node-template, the shell.nix file should already be in the project's root directory.
cd substrate-node-template # or substrate
nix-shell # start the nix shell environment by using dependencies in file `shell.nix`, it may take some time if this's your first time.
Run cargo commands in the nix shell
cargo build --release # build the project
./target/release/node-template # run the compiled binary