本文参考官方教程 ,带你上手使用Ink!开发Substrate ERC20智能合约
jasonruan 2020.07.14
$ git clone git@github.com:paritytech/substrate.git
$ cd substrate
(master)$ git checkout -b v2.0.0-rc4 v2.0.0-rc4
切换到一个新分支 'v2.0.0-rc4'
(v2.0.0-rc4)$ cargo build --release
$ cargo install cargo-contract --vers 0.6.1 --force
$ cargo contract --help
cargo-contract 0.6.1
Utilities to develop Wasm smart contracts
USAGE:
cargo contract <SUBCOMMAND>
OPTIONS:
-h, --help Prints help information
-V, --version Prints version information
SUBCOMMANDS:
new Setup and create a new smart contract project
build Compiles the smart contract
generate-metadata Generate contract metadata artifacts
test Test the smart contract off-chain
help Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
ERC20 通证标准(ERC20 Token Standard)是通过以太坊创建通证时的一种规范。按照 ERC20 的规范可以编写一个智能合约,创建“可互换通证”。它并非强制要求,但遵循这个标准,所创建的通证可以与众多交易所、钱包等进行交互,它现在已被行业普遍接受。
ERC20定义了一些标准的接口函数:balanceOf
、 totalSupply
、transfer
、transferFrom
、approve
和allowance
。 以及一些可选的字段,例如通证名称、符号以及小数保留位数等。
详见:https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-20.md
contract ERC20 {
function totalSupply() constant returns (uint theTotalSupply);
function balanceOf(address _owner) constant returns (uint balance);
function transfer(address _to, uint _value) returns (bool success);
function transferFrom(address _from, address _to, uint _value) returns (bool success);
function approve(address _spender, uint _value) returns (bool success);
function allowance(address _owner, address _spender) constant returns (uint remaining);
event Transfer(address indexed _from, address indexed _to, uint _value);
event Approval(address indexed _owner, address indexed _spender, uint _value);
}
函数名 | 功能 |
---|---|
totalSupply | 返回存在于流通中的通证(Token)总量 |
balanceOf | 返回指定账户地址的通证余额 |
transfer | 让调用方将指定数量的通证发送到另一个地址,即转账 |
transferFrom | 允许智能合约自动执行转账流程并代表所有者发送给定数量的通证 |
approve | 调用方授权给定的地址可以从其地址中提款 |
allowance | 返回被允许转移的余额数量 |
event Transfer | 事件通知,当token被转移时,必须调用触发,类似回调,当事件发生时,会得到通知 |
event Approval | 事件通知,当任何成功调用approve 后,必须调用触发 |
执行命令后,会生成2个文件,其中lib.rs
会包括一些基础框架,我们可以在此基础上开发我们的合约。
$ cargo contract new erc20
Created contract erc20
$ tree erc20/
erc20/
├── Cargo.toml
└── lib.rs
#[ink(storage)]
struct Erc20 {
/// 代币发行总量
total_supply: storage::Value<Balance>,
/// 用户及余额映射
balances: storage::HashMap<AccountId, Balance>,
}
#[ink(constructor)]
fn new(&mut self, initial_supply: Balance) {
// 获取合约创建者
let caller = self.env().caller();
// 设置发行总量
self.total_supply.set(initial_supply);
// 合约创建者拥有所有发行代币
self.balances.insert(caller, initial_supply);
}
#[ink(message)]
fn total_supply(&self) -> Balance {
*self.total_supply
}
#[ink(message)]
fn balance_of(&self, owner: AccountId) -> Balance {
self.balance_of_or_zero(&owner)
}
// 工具方法:若用户未被初始化,代币余额置为0
fn balance_of_or_zero(&self, owner: &AccountId) -> Balance {
*self.balances.get(owner).unwrap_or(&0)
#[ink(message)]
fn transfer(&mut self, to: AccountId, value: Balance) -> bool {
// 获取合约接口调用者地址
let from = self.env().caller();
// 给接收地址转出指定金额代币
self.transfer_from_to(from, to, value)
}
fn transfer_from_to(&mut self, from: AccountId, to: AccountId, value: Balance) -> bool {
// 获取合约调用者账户余额
let from_balance = self.balance_of_or_zero(&from);
if from_balance < value {
return false
}
// 获取合约接受者账户余额(代币接收者账户可能未被初始化,通过此方法将其余额初始化为0)
let to_balance = self.balance_of_or_zero(&to);
// 发送者余额减少指定数量
self.balances.insert(from, from_balance - value);
// 接收者余额增加指定数量
self.balances.insert(to, to_balance + value);
true
}
我们注意到,在进行余额的增减时,并未像以太坊的solidity
智能合约,使用额外的SafeMath
接口,这是因为ink!
提供了内置防溢出保护,通过在Cargo.toml
配置文件中,添加如下配置来提供该安全机制:
[profile.release] panic = "abort" <-- Panics shall be treated as aborts: reduces binary size lto = true <-- enable link-time-optimization: more efficient codegen opt-level = "z" <-- Optimize for small binary output overflow-checks = true <-- Arithmetic overflow protection
通过授权转账,调用方可以授权指定账户,从其地址中安全的消费指定数量的代币。
需完善合约存储:
#[ink(storage)] struct Erc20 { ...... // (代币所有者, 代币授权使用者) -> 代币授权使用者可支配余额 allowances: storage::HashMap<(AccountId, AccountId), Balance>, }
#[ink(message)]
fn approve(&mut self, spender: AccountId, value: Balance) -> bool {
let owner = self.env().caller();
// 代币所有者(owner)授权代币使用者(spender)可支配余额(value)
self.allowances.insert((owner, spender), value);
true
}
获取代币授权使用者剩余被允许转移的代币数量。
#[ink(message)]
fn allowance(&self, owner: AccountId, spender: AccountId) -> Balance {
self.allowance_of_or_zero(&owner, &spender)
}
允许智能合约自动执行转账流程并代表所有者发送给定数量的代币
#[ink(message)]
fn transfer_from(&mut self, from: AccountId, to: AccountId, value: Balance) -> bool {
let caller = self.env().caller();
let allowance = self.allowance_of_or_zero(&from, &caller);
if allowance < value {
return false
}
self.allowances.insert((from, caller), allowance - value);
self.transfer_from_to(from, to, value)
}
fn allowance_of_or_zero(&self, owner: &AccountId, spender: &AccountId) -> Balance {
*self.allowances.get(&(*owner, *spender)).unwrap_or(&0)
}
#[ink(event)]
struct Transfer {
#[ink(topic)]
from: Option<AccountId>,
#[ink(topic)]
to: Option<AccountId>,
#[ink(topic)]
value: Balance,
}
#[ink(event)]
struct Approval {
#[ink(topic)]
owner: AccountId,
#[ink(topic)]
spender: AccountId,
#[ink(topic)]
value: Balance,
}
self.env().emit_event(Transfer {
from: None,
to: Some(caller),
value: initial_supply,
});
self.env().emit_event(Transfer {
from: Some(from),
to: Some(to),
value,
});
self.env().emit_event(Approval {
owner,
spender,
value,
});
#[test]
fn new_works() {
let contract = Erc20::new(777);
assert_eq!(contract.total_supply(), 777);
}
#[test]
fn balance_works() {
let contract = Erc20::new(100);
assert_eq!(contract.total_supply(), 100);
assert_eq!(contract.balance_of(AccountId::from([0x1; 32])), 100);
assert_eq!(contract.balance_of(AccountId::from([0x0; 32])), 0);
}
#[test]
fn transfer_works() {
let mut contract = Erc20::new(100);
assert_eq!(contract.balance_of(AccountId::from([0x1; 32])), 100);
assert!(contract.transfer(AccountId::from([0x0; 32]), 10));
assert_eq!(contract.balance_of(AccountId::from([0x0; 32])), 10);
assert!(!contract.transfer(AccountId::from([0x0; 32]), 100));
}
#[test]
fn transfer_from_works() {
let mut contract = Erc20::new(100);
assert_eq!(contract.balance_of(AccountId::from([0x1; 32])), 100);
contract.approve(AccountId::from([0x1; 32]), 20);
contract.transfer_from(AccountId::from([0x1; 32]), AccountId::from([0x0; 32]), 10);
assert_eq!(contract.balance_of(AccountId::from([0x0; 32])), 10);
}
跑测试用例:
$ cargo +nightly test
#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "std"), no_std)]
use ink_lang as ink;
#[ink::contract(version = "0.1.0")]
mod erc20 {
use ink_core::storage;
#[ink(storage)]
struct Erc20 {
/// The total supply.
total_supply: storage::Value<Balance>,
/// The balance of each user.
balances: storage::HashMap<AccountId, Balance>,
/// Approval spender on behalf of the message's sender.
allowances: storage::HashMap<(AccountId, AccountId), Balance>,
}
#[ink(event)]
struct Transfer {
#[ink(topic)]
from: Option<AccountId>,
#[ink(topic)]
to: Option<AccountId>,
#[ink(topic)]
value: Balance,
}
#[ink(event)]
struct Approval {
#[ink(topic)]
owner: AccountId,
#[ink(topic)]
spender: AccountId,
#[ink(topic)]
value: Balance,
}
impl Erc20 {
#[ink(constructor)]
fn new(&mut self, initial_supply: Balance) {
let caller = self.env().caller();
self.total_supply.set(initial_supply);
self.balances.insert(caller, initial_supply);
self.env().emit_event(Transfer {
from: None,
to: Some(caller),
value: initial_supply,
});
}
#[ink(message)]
fn total_supply(&self) -> Balance {
*self.total_supply
}
#[ink(message)]
fn balance_of(&self, owner: AccountId) -> Balance {
self.balance_of_or_zero(&owner)
}
#[ink(message)]
fn approve(&mut self, spender: AccountId, value: Balance) -> bool {
let owner = self.env().caller();
self.allowances.insert((owner, spender), value);
self.env().emit_event(Approval {
owner,
spender,
value,
});
true
}
#[ink(message)]
fn allowance(&self, owner: AccountId, spender: AccountId) -> Balance {
self.allowance_of_or_zero(&owner, &spender)
}
#[ink(message)]
fn transfer_from(&mut self, from: AccountId, to: AccountId, value: Balance) -> bool {
let caller = self.env().caller();
let allowance = self.allowance_of_or_zero(&from, &caller);
if allowance < value {
return false
}
self.allowances.insert((from, caller), allowance - value);
self.transfer_from_to(from, to, value)
}
#[ink(message)]
fn transfer(&mut self, to: AccountId, value: Balance) -> bool {
let from = self.env().caller();
self.transfer_from_to(from, to, value)
}
fn transfer_from_to(&mut self, from: AccountId, to: AccountId, value: Balance) -> bool {
let from_balance = self.balance_of_or_zero(&from);
if from_balance < value {
return false
}
let to_balance = self.balance_of_or_zero(&to);
self.balances.insert(from, from_balance - value);
self.balances.insert(to, to_balance + value);
self.env().emit_event(Transfer {
from: Some(from),
to: Some(to),
value,
});
true
}
fn balance_of_or_zero(&self, owner: &AccountId) -> Balance {
*self.balances.get(owner).unwrap_or(&0)
}
fn allowance_of_or_zero(&self, owner: &AccountId, spender: &AccountId) -> Balance {
*self.allowances.get(&(*owner, *spender)).unwrap_or(&0)
}
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[test]
fn new_works() {
let contract = Erc20::new(777);
assert_eq!(contract.total_supply(), 777);
}
#[test]
fn balance_works() {
let contract = Erc20::new(100);
assert_eq!(contract.total_supply(), 100);
assert_eq!(contract.balance_of(AccountId::from([0x1; 32])), 100);
assert_eq!(contract.balance_of(AccountId::from([0x0; 32])), 0);
}
#[test]
fn transfer_works() {
let mut contract = Erc20::new(100);
assert_eq!(contract.balance_of(AccountId::from([0x1; 32])), 100);
assert!(contract.transfer(AccountId::from([0x0; 32]), 10));
assert_eq!(contract.balance_of(AccountId::from([0x0; 32])), 10);
assert!(!contract.transfer(AccountId::from([0x0; 32]), 100));
}
#[test]
fn transfer_from_works() {
let mut contract = Erc20::new(100);
assert_eq!(contract.balance_of(AccountId::from([0x1; 32])), 100);
contract.approve(AccountId::from([0x1; 32]), 20);
contract.transfer_from(AccountId::from([0x1; 32]), AccountId::from([0x0; 32]), 10);
assert_eq!(contract.balance_of(AccountId::from([0x0; 32])), 10);
}
}
}
[Jason@RUAN:~/Blockchain/substrate] (v2.0.0-rc4)$ ./target/release/substrate purge-chain --dev
Are you sure to remove "/root/.local/share/substrate/chains/dev/db"? [y/N]: y
"/root/.local/share/substrate/chains/dev/db" did not exist.
[Jason@RUAN:~/Blockchain/substrate] (v2.0.0-rc4)$ ./target/release/substrate --dev --ws-external --rpc-external --rpc-cors=all
2020-07-13 23:07:17 Substrate Node
2020-07-13 23:07:17 ✌️ version 2.0.0-rc4-00768a1-x86_64-linux-gnu
2020-07-13 23:07:17 ❤️ by Parity Technologies <admin@parity.io>, 2017-2020
2020-07-13 23:07:17 📋 Chain specification: Development
2020-07-13 23:07:17 🏷 Node name: ill-hen-8567
2020-07-13 23:07:17 👤 Role: AUTHORITY
2020-07-13 23:07:17 💾 Database: RocksDb at /root/.local/share/substrate/chains/dev/db
2020-07-13 23:07:17 ⛓ Native runtime: node-254 (substrate-node-0.tx1.au10)
2020-07-13 23:07:17 💸 new validator set of size 1 has been elected via ElectionCompute::OnChain for era 0
2020-07-13 23:07:17 🔨 Initializing Genesis block/state (state: 0xc720…bb8a, header-hash: 0x6ea2…1245)
2020-07-13 23:07:17 👴 Loading GRANDPA authority set from genesis on what appears to be first startup.
2020-07-13 23:07:17 ⏱ Loaded block-time = 3000 milliseconds from genesis on first-launch
2020-07-13 23:07:17 👶 Creating empty BABE epoch changes on what appears to be first startup.
2020-07-13 23:07:17 📦 Highest known block at #0
2020-07-13 23:07:17 Using default protocol ID "sup" because none is configured in the chain specs
2020-07-13 23:07:17 🏷 Local node identity is: 12D3KooWQUQtujJ5SGCdCcheuExioC81R5W4E3RFGhmhx3MT8iqy (legacy representation: QmX71wUqWKy7FQX8PEHKoQLaiBLLTfK8TL25mFXxKhMWGw)
2020-07-13 23:07:17 〽 Prometheus server started at 127.0.0.1:9615
2020-07-13 23:07:17 👶 Starting BABE Authorship worker
2020-07-13 23:07:18 🙌 Starting consensus session on top of parent 0x6ea2a97a8da973976a82f053a8b909aff5e0659ca6d51b6c9d6947b4dc3d1245
2020-07-13 23:07:18 🎁 Prepared block for proposing at 1 [hash: 0x3b99b664d0a21fbc72bfed709700b5bba05564c8d62e9ddd677412896f25de31; parent_hash: 0x6ea2…1245; extrinsics (1): [0xdcda…fb8d]]
2020-07-13 23:07:18 🔖 Pre-sealed block for proposal at 1. Hash now 0x3081484a5cbe82a9b4a4aea4d360fd69219a43d18182c6fd297e2ffac71feff2, previously 0x3b99b664d0a21fbc72bfed709700b5bba05564c8d62e9ddd677412896f25de31.
2020-07-13 23:07:18 👶 New epoch 0 launching at block 0x3081…eff2 (block slot 531550946 >= start slot 531550946).
2020-07-13 23:07:18 👶 Next epoch starts at slot 531551146
2020-07-13 23:07:18 ✨ Imported #1 (0x3081…eff2)
2020-07-13 23:07:21 🙌 Starting consensus session on top of parent 0x3081484a5cbe82a9b4a4aea4d360fd69219a43d18182c6fd297e2ffac71feff2
2020-07-13 23:07:21 🎁 Prepared block for proposing at 2 [hash: 0x346204e0b46b86dc4ec85b18cf2fdf0f0e818b24208e56217e6f44c135e3aef3; parent_hash: 0x3081…eff2; extrinsics (1): [0xfdbb…bdd0]]
2020-07-13 23:07:21 🔖 Pre-sealed block for proposal at 2. Hash now 0x906f64c7a6139ad0819f6c31d776404573e72f3f155bab486a9aeca7c89df810, previously 0x346204e0b46b86dc4ec85b18cf2fdf0f0e818b24208e56217e6f44c135e3aef3.
2020-07-13 23:07:21 ✨ Imported #2 (0x906f…f810)
$ cargo contract build
[1/4] Collecting crate metadata
[2/4] Building cargo project
Finished release [optimized] target(s) in 0.05s
[3/4] Post processing wasm file
[4/4] Optimizing wasm file
wasm-opt is not installed. Install this tool on your system in order to
reduce the size of your contract's Wasm binary.
See https://github.com/WebAssembly/binaryen#tools
Your contract is ready. You can find it here:
./erc20/target/erc20.wasm
以便通过
polkadot.js.org
与合约进行交互
$ cargo contract generate-metadata
Generating metadata
Updating git repository `https://github.com/paritytech/ink`
Updating crates.io index
Updating git repository `https://github.com/type-metadata/type-metadata.git`
Finished release [optimized] target(s) in 3.38s
Running `target/release/abi-gen`
Your metadata file is ready.
You can find it here:
./erc20/target/metadata.json
注:右下角开关
打开开关:作为RPC调用发送,只能查看链上状态
关闭开关:作为交易发送,对链上状态有更改
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