掌握Rust模式匹配:从基础语法到实际应用本篇文章将探讨Rust编程语言中至关重要的特性之一——模式匹配。Rust语言的模式匹配功能强大,不仅能处理简单的值匹配,还能解构和操作复杂的数据结构。通过深入学习模式匹配,程序员可以更加高效地编写出清晰、简洁且易于维护的代码。Rust语言中的模式
本篇文章将探讨 Rust 编程语言中至关重要的特性之一——模式匹配。Rust 语言的模式匹配功能强大,不仅能处理简单的值匹配,还能解构和操作复杂的数据结构。通过深入学习模式匹配,程序员可以更加高效地编写出清晰、简洁且易于维护的代码。
Rust 语言中的模式匹配是一种特殊的语法结构,用于匹配变量、解构数组、结构体、枚举和元组等。本文主要介绍了 Rust 中各种模式的使用场景,包括 match、if let、while let、for 循环以及函数参数。除了基础语法外,还讲解了可辩驳性和无可辩驳性、字面值匹配、命名变量、多重模式、范围匹配、结构解构等模式的使用细节。
match VALUE {
PATTERN => EXPRESSION,
PATTERN => EXPRESSION,
PATTERN => EXPRESSION,
}
fn main() {
let favorite_color: Option<&str> = None;
let is_tuesday = false;
let age: Result<u8, _> = "34".parse();
if let Some(color) = favorite_color {
println!("Using your favorite color, {}, as the background", color);
} else if if_tuesday {
println!("Tuesday is green day!");
} else if let Ok(age) = age {
if age > 30 {
println!("Using purple as the background color");
} else {
println!("Using orange as the background color");
}
} else {
println!("Using blue as the background color");
}
}
fn main() {
let mut stack = Vec::new();
stack.push(1);
stack.push(2);
stack.push(3);
while let Some(top) = stack.pop() {
println!("{}", top);
}
}
fn main() {
let v = vec!['a', 'b', 'c'];
for (index, value) in v.iter().enumerate() {
println!("{} is at index {}", value , index);
}
}
fn main() {
let a = 5;
let (x, y, z) = (1, 2, 3);
let (q, w) = (4, 5, 6); // 报错 类型不匹配 3 2
}
fn foo(x: i32) {
// code goes here
}
fn print_coordinates(&(x, y): &(i32, i32)) {
println!("Current location: ({}, {})", x, y);
}
fn main() {
let point = (3, 5);
print_coordinates(&point);
}
let x = 5;
if let Some(x) = a_value
fn main() {
let a: Option<i32> = Some(5);
let Some(x) = a: // 报错 None
if let Some(x) = a {}
if let x = 5 {} // 警告
}
fn main() {
let x = 1;
match x {
1 => println!("one"),
2 => println!("two"),
3 => println!("three"),
_ => println!("anything"),
}
}
fn main() {
let x = Some(5);
let y = 10;
match x {
Some(50) => println!("Got 50"),
Some(y) => println!("Matched, y = {:?}", y),
_ => println!("Default case, x = {:?}", x),
}
println!("at the end: x = {:?}, y = {:?}", x, y);
}
fn main() {
let x = 1;
match x {
1 | 2 => println!("one or two"),
3 => println!("three"),
_ => println!("anything"),
}
}
fn main() {
let x = 5;
match x {
1..=5 => println!("one through five"),
_ => println!("something else"),
}
let x = 'c';
match x {
'a' ..='j' => println!("early ASCII letter"),
'k' ..='z' => println!("late ASCII letter"),
_ => println!("something else"),
}
}
struct Point {
x: i32,
y: i32,
}
fn main() {
let p = Point { x: 0, y: 7 };
let Point { x: a, y: b } = p;
assert_eq!(0, a);
assert_eq!(7, b);
let Point {x, y} = p;
assert_eq!(0, x);
assert_eq!(7, y);
match p {
Point {x, y: 0} => println!("On the x axis at {}", x),
Point {x: 0, y} => println!("On the y axis at {}", y),
Point {x, y} => println!("On neither axis: ({}, {})", x, y),
}
}
enum Message {
Quit,
Move {x: i32, y: i32},
Write(String),
ChangeColor(i32, i32, i32),
}
fn main() {
let msg = Message::ChangeColor(0, 160, 255);
match msg {
Message::Quit => {
println!("The Quit variant has no data to destructure.")
}
Message::Move {x, y} => {
println!("Move in the x direction {} and in the y direction {}", x, y);
}
Message::Write(text) => println!("Text message: {}", text),
Message::ChangeColor(r, g, b) => {
println!("Change the color to red {}, green {}, and blue {}", r, g, b);
}
}
}
enum Color {
Rgb(i32, i32, i32),
Hsv(i32, i32, i32),
}
enum Message {
Quit,
Move {x: i32, y: i32},
Write(String),
ChangeColor(Color),
}
fn main() {
let msg = Message::ChangeColor(Color::Hsv(0, 160, 255));
match msg {
Message::ChangeClolr(Color::Rgb(r, g, b)) => {
println!("Change the color to red {}, green {}, and blur {}", r, g, b)
}
Message::ChangeColor(Color::Hsv(h, s, v)) => {
println!("Change the color to hue {}, saturation {}, and value {}", h, s, v)
}
_ => (),
}
}
struct Point {
x: i32,
y: i32,
}
fn main() {
let ((feet, inches), Point {x, y}) = ((3, 10), Point {x: 3, y: -10});
}
fn foo(_: i32, y: i32) {
println!("This code only uses the y parameter: {}", y);
}
fn main() {
foo(3, 4);
}
fn main() {
let mut setting_value = Some(5);
let new_setting_value = Some(10);
match (setting_value, new_setting_value) {
(Some(_), Some(_)) => {
println!("Can't overwrite an existing customized value");
}
_ => {
setting_value = new_setting_value;
}
}
println!("setting is {:?}", setting_value);
let numbers = (2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 32);
match numbers {
(first, _, third, _, fifth) => {
println!("Some numbers: {}, {}, {}", first, third, fifth)
}
}
}
fn main() {
let _x = 5;
let y = 10; // 创建未使用 警告
let s = Some(String::from("Hello"));
if let Some(_s) = s { // if let Some(_) = s {
println!("found a string");
}
println!("{:?}", s); // 报错
}
struct Point {
x: i32,
y: i32,
z: i32,
}
fn main() {
let origin = Point {x: 0, y: 0, z: 0};
match origin {
Point {x, ..} => println!("x is {}", x),
}
let numbers = (2, 4, 8, 16, 32);
match numbers {
(first, .., last) => {
println!("Some numbers: {}, {}", first, last);
}
}
match numbers {
(.., second, ..) => { // 报错
println!("Some numbers: {}", second)
},
}
}
例子一:
fn main() {
let num = Some(4);
match num {
Some(x) if x < 5 => println!("less than five: {}", x),
Some(x) => println!("{}", x),
None => (),
}
}
例子二:
fn main() {
let x = Some(5);
let y = 10;
match x {
Some(50) => println!("Got 50"),
Some(n) if n == y => println!("Matched, n = {:?}", n),
_ => println!("Default case, x = {:?}", x),
}
println!("at the end: x = {:?}, y = {:?}", x, y);
}
例子三:
fn main() {
let x = 4;
let y = false;
match x {
4 | 5 | 6 if y => println!("yes"),
_ => println!("no"),
}
}
enum Message {
Hello {id: i32},
}
fn main() {
let msg = Message::Hello {id: 5};
match msg {
Message::Hello {
id: id_variable @ 3..=7,
} => {
println!("Found an id in range: {}", id_variable)
}
Message::Hello {id: 10..=12} => {
println!("Found an id in another range")
}
Message::Hello {id} => {
println!("Found some other id: {}", id)
}
}
}
模式匹配在 Rust 中是一个灵活而强大的特性,为程序的控制流提供了极大的灵活性。通过使用 match、if let、while let 等语法,程序员可以在匹配结构中定义和解构不同的数据类型,简化代码逻辑。深入理解模式匹配的用法,将帮助开发者编写更具表达力的代码,为 Rust 编程带来新的思路与技巧。
如果觉得我的文章对您有用,请随意打赏。你的支持将鼓励我继续创作!